Effect of the cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon ) juice on reducing dentin erosion: an in vitro study

Abstract Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry) is a fruit that has an inhibitory effect on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) present in dentin and saliva. The inhibition of MMPs has been shown to prevent dentin erosion. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of cranberry juice on the reduction of dentin erosion in vitro. Specimens of bovine dentin (4×4×2 mm) were randomized and divided into 4 groups (n = 17/group): distilled water (C-control, pH 7.2); green tea extract solution containing 400 µm epigallo-catechin-gallate (EGCg, positive control, pH 4.5); 10% cranberry extract (CrE, pH 3.9), and cranberry juice (CrJ, Cranberry JuxxTM, pH 2.8). Specimens were submitted to erosive pH cycles for 5 days. Each day, four demineralizations were carried out with 0.1% citric acid (90 s). After the acid challenges, specimens were rinsed and kept in treatment solutions for 1 min; afterwards, they were rinsed and stored in artificial saliva for 1 h at 37°C (or overnight at the end of each day). After the experimental period of 5 days, dentin loss was evaluated by contact profilometry. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Dentin loss (µm ± SD) was significantly lower for all treatments (EGCg = 9.93 ± 2.90; CrE = 12.10 ± 5.44; CrJ = 11.04 ± 5.70) compared to control (21.23 ± 11.96), but it did not significantly differ from each other. These results indicate that the commercial cranberry juice, despite its low pH, is able to reduce dentin erosion, which might be due to the ability of cranberry components to inhibit MMPs.

Protective Effects of Anthocyanins Extracted from Vaccinium Uliginosum on 661W Cells Against Microwave-Induced Retinal Damage / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the protective effect of anthocyanins extracted from Vaccinium Uliginosum (VU) on retinal 661W cells against microwave radiation induced retinal injury.@*METHODS@#661W cells were divided into 6 groups, including control, model [661W cells radiated by microwave (30 mW/cm2, 1 h)] and VU groups [661W cells pretreated with anthocyanins extracted from VU (25, 50, 100 and 200 µg/mL, respectively) for 48 h, and radiated by microwave 30 mW/cm2, 1 h]. After treatment with different interventions, the cell apoptosis index (AI) was determined using Heochst staining; contents of malonaldehyde (MDA), glutataione (GSH), and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. mRNA expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1(HO-1) were detected by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the expression of HO-1 protein was examined by Western blot analysis. Nucleus and cytoplasm were separated and Nrf2 protein expression was further verified by Western blot analysis.@*RESULTS@#There was significant difference in AI among the groups (F=322.83, P<;0.05). Compared with the control group, AI was significantly higher in the model group and was lower in 4 VU-pretreated groups (P<;0.05). Linear regression analysis showed the decline of AI was in a dose-dependent manner with VU treatment (r=0.8419, P<;0.05). The MDA and GSH contents of 661W cells in VU-treated groups were significantly lower than the model group (P<;0.05). Compared with the model group, the SOD activity in the VU-treated groups (50, 100 and 200 µg/mL) was significantly higher (all P<;0.05). The Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA expressions were slightly increased after irradiation, and obviously increased in 100 µg/mL VU-treated group. After irradiation, the relative expressions of HO-1 and Nrf2 proteins in nucleus were slightly increased (P<;0.05), and the changes in cytoplasm were not obvious, whereas it was significantly increased in both nucleus and cytoplasm in the VU treatment groups.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Anthocyanins extracted from VU could reduce apoptosis, stabilize cell membrane, and alleviate oxidant injury of mouse retinal photoreceptor 661W cells. The mechanism might be through activating Nrf2/HO-1 signal pathway and inducing HO-1 transcription and translation.

Dormancy of Floral Buds of Rabbiteye Blueberry in a Mild Winter Climate

Abstract Blueberry is an important fruit crop, with many health benefits. Despite its importance, much remains to be studied concerning the dormancy dynamics in rabbiteye cultivars growing in a mild winter climate. In this research, the dormancy in blueberry, rabbiteye cultivars 'Bluegem', 'Climax', 'Delite', and 'Powderblue', was studied in a mild winter region. The single-node cuttings biological test and the evaluation of the hydric status were performed in dormant winter reproductive buds. These experiments were performed during fall and winter in one year (2016). Moreover, chilling hours under or equal to 7.2 ºC were measured, and chill units were calculated according to Utah Model [1], Modified Utah Model [2], and Blueberry Model [3]. In conclusion, the four cultivars showed a similar pattern, revealing a dormant state in the initial sampling dates and a released dormancy in the final treatments, showing the decrease of dormancy in June and July. However, Delite was earlier than the other cultivars. Bluegem and Delite required 134.0 chilling hours, 127.0 chill units (Utah Model), 198.5 chill units (Modified Utah Model), and 971.5 chill units (Blueberry Model) for 50% of their green tip buds reach the opened bud stage. Climax required 44.0, -11.0, 56.5, and 440.5, respectively. And Powderblue required 44.0, 5.5, 77.0, and 725.0 respectively. This study can bring some insights into crop management and production of this important fruit crop, especially in a global climate-changing scenario, related to flowering and dormancy control, as well as helping to select suitable cultivars to a region, concerning chilling requirements.

Development, photosynthesis and yield of blueberry cultivar 'Climax' growth with different substrates and nitrogen fertilization under protected cultivation / Fotossíntese, desenvolvimento e produtividade de mirtileiros cultivar 'Climax' cultivados com diferentes substratos e fertilizantes nitrogenados sob cultivo protegido

ABSTRACT: Organic farming techniques gained popularity recently. Despite this increasing demand, there are still many problems, when comparing nutrient sources in organic and conventional farming systems. The study had as objective to evaluate the development of blueberry plants cultivar 'Climax' under protected cultivation in a substrate with different proportions of organic material and doses of applied mineral N. The blueberry nursery plants 'Climax' were transplanted into plastic pots and kept under protected cultivation. The soil and sand proportions were 40 and 20%, respectively, of the volume capacity of each pot. The remaining 40% were filled with organic material (bovine manure) and sawdust in the proportions of 5 and 35% (S1), 20 and 20% (S2) or 35 and 5% (S3), respectively. The experimental design was in complete randomized blocks, and the treatments were distributed in a 3x3 factorial arrangement, with six replications. The first factor was the different formulations of substrates. The second factor was N fertilization at 0, 10, and 15 g N plant-1. Evaluations of canopy volume, total leaf area, chlorophyll content and gas exchanges were performed six and eighteen months after transplanting. Fruits were harvested according to their ripening. Higher proportions of organic material in the substrate showed a substantial increase on estimated leaf area, canopy volume, chlorophyll content and clear efficiency of carboxylation (A/Ci), especially in plants that was not fertilized with mineral N. The highest yield was reported for the substrate S2, with intermediary amount of organic material, without the application of mineral N fertilizer. Considering agronomic and physiological traits, blueberry plants on the substrate S2 (20% OM) showed the best results, without mineral N fertilizing, becoming viable the organic management system for potted 'Climax' blueberry plants under protected cultivation.

RESUMO: As técnicas de manejo orgânico ganharam popularidade recentemente. Apesar deste aumento da demanda, ainda há muitos problemas, quando se comparam fontes de nutrientes para manejo orgânico e convencional. O estudo objetivou avaliar o desenvolvimento de mirtileiro cultivar 'Climax' sob cultivo protegido em substrato com diferentes proporções de matéria orgânica e doses de N mineral. As mudas de mirtileiro 'Climax' foram transplantadas para vasos plásticos e mantidas sob cultivo protegido. As proporções de solo e areia foram de 40 e 20%, respectivamente, da capacidade de volume de cada vaso. Os 40% restantes foram preenchidos com matéria orgânica (esterco bovino) e serragem de madeira nas proporções de 5 e 35% (S1), 20 e 20% (S2) e 35 e 5% (S3), respectivamente. O desenho experimental foi em blocos completamente casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x3, com seis repetições. O primeiro fator foram as diferentes formulações de substrato. O segundo fator foi a adubação nitrogenada a 0, 10, e 15 g N planta-1. Avaliações de volume de copa, área foliar total, conteúdo de clorofila e trocas gasosas foram realizadas aos seis e dezoito meses após o transplante. Os frutos foram colhidos de acordo com a maturação. Maiores proporções de matéria orgânica no substrato mostraram um aumento substancial na área foliar estimada, volume de copa, teor de clorofila e na eficiência aparente de carboxilação (A/Ci), especialmente, em plantas que não foram adubadas com N mineral. A maior produtividade foi verificada para o substrato S2, com quantidade intermediária de matéria orgânica, sem a aplicação de fertilizante mineral N. Considerando as características agronômicas e fisiológicas, plantas de mirtileiro no substrato S2 (20% MO) apresentou melhores resultados, sem adubação com N mineral, tornando viável o sistema de manejo orgânico para plantas envasadas de mirtileiro 'Climax' sob cultivo protegido.

Vaccinium corymbosum L. Derived Phytochemicals against Diarrhea

Phytochemicals from Vaccinium corymbosum L.plant extract are traditionally used to cure diarrhea. It is caused by Escherichia coli. Molecular docking method applied using “Biovia Discovery Studio”. “High positive values of -CDOCKER energy and -CDOCKER interaction energy” suggested that cafferic acid can effectively deactivate the shikimate dehydrogenase thereby interrupting the life cycle of the organism

Vinegar of andean berries (Vaccinium meridionale SW): antioxidant and antiproliferative activity in colon cancer cells SW480 / Vinagre de bayas andinas (Vaccinium meridionale SW): actividad antioxidante y antiproliferativa en células de cáncer de colón SW480

Background:Vaccinium meridionale produces fruits with a high content of anthocyanins and polyphenols with great antioxidant capacity. Objective: produce vinegar from V. meridionale alcoholic beverages and to determine the content of bioactive antioxidant compounds, antioxidant capacity, and cytotoxic activity on colorectal cancer cells. Methods: Wine and vinegar samples were obtained by fermentation of V. meridionale berries juice, using three extractive processes: mechanical maceration (MAC), preheating to 80°C (CAL) and a combination of both (MIX). During acetic fermentation, titratable acidity and acetic acid content were evaluated. Fermentation progress was recorded and compared by measuring the antioxidant potential by DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC. Polyphenols, anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic acids were quantified. Finally, the antiproliferative activity of vinegar was evaluated in SW480 colon cancer cells. Results: In acetic fermentation, yield and productivity were independent of extraction, indicating that they do not affect the biotransformation of alcohol into vinegar. The alcoholic beverages showed the highest antioxidant activity; after acetic fermentation, a decrease in antioxidant potential was observed in all three extractive processes evaluated. The different vinegar obtained by CAL and MIX, showed the highest values of antioxidant activity, polyphenols, and anthocyanins. The inhibition of the antiproliferative activity of vinegar was dose-dependent and showed an IC50 of 536 µg/mL. Conclusions: The vinegar prepared from V. meridionale berries presented an outstanding antioxidant and antiproliferative activity. The reason is the contents of bioactive compounds and their antioxidant power, which may contribute to chemoprevention in secondary cancer prevention.

Antecedentes: Vaccinium meridionale produce frutos con alto contenido en antocianinas y polifenoles con elevada capacidad antioxidante. Objetivo: Producir vinagre a partir de bebidas alcohólicas de V. meridionale y determinar el contenido de compuestos bioactivos antioxidantes, capacidad antioxidante y actividad citotóxica sobre células de cáncer colorrectal. Métodos: Muestras de Vino y vinagre fueron obtenidas mediante fermentación del jugo de V. meridionale, usando tres procesos extractivos: maceración mecánica (MAC), precalentamiento a 80 °C (CAL) y una combinación de ambos (MIX). En la fermentación acética fueron evaluadas la acidez titulable y el contenido de ácido acético. Se registró y comparó la evolución de la fermentación midiendo el potencial antioxidante por DPPH, FRAP y ORAC. Se cuantificaron los polifenoles, antocianinas y ácidos hidroxicinámicos. Finalmente, la actividad antiproliferativa del vinagre fue evaluada en células de cáncer de colon SW480. Resultados: En la fermentación acética, el rendimiento y la productividad fueron independientes de la extracción indicando que no afectan la biotransformación del alcohol en vinagre. Las bebidas alcohólicas mostraron la mayor actividad antioxidante, después de la fermentación acética se observó una disminución del potencial antioxidante en los tres procesos extractivos evaluados. Los vinagres obtenidos por CAL y MIX, presentaron los mayores valores de actividad antioxidante, polifenoles y antocianinas. La inhibición de la actividad antiproliferativa del vinagre fue dosis dependiente y mostró un IC50 de 536 µg/mL. Conclusiones: El vinagre preparado a partir de bayas de V. meridionale presentó una excelente actividad antioxidante y antiproliferativa debido al contenido de compuestos bioactivos y poder antioxidante que puede contribuir a la quimioprevención en la prevención secundaria del cáncer.

Concentrations of cytokinin and the use of agricultural residues in the in vitro propagation media of highbush blueberry / Concentrações de citocinina e uso de resíduos agrícolas no meio de multiplicação in vitro de mirtileiro

ABSTRACT: The objective of the research was to evaluate cytokinin concentrations and agricultural residues as physical structuring agents of the culture medium in the in vitro propagation of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum 'Duke'). To that end, three different concentrations of 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP) (0, 5, and 10 mg L-1)in woody plant medium (WPM) and five structuring agents (in natura rice husks, carbonized rice husks, coconut fiber, S-10 Beifort®, and agar)were tested. After 60days of culture, the following parameters were evaluated: survival (%),sprout and shoot lengths (cm),propagation rate, number of sprouts, and shoot dry mass (g). The substrates used as structuring agents were analyzed in terms of pH and electrical conductivity. The in natura rice husk, S-10 Beifort®, and carbonized rice husk did not differ from the agar in terms of the sprout length. The shoots were longer (1.64 cm) in cultures within natura rice husk than in other treatments. In the absence of 2iP, S-10 Beifort® resulted in the highest propagation rate (2.97). Concerning the number of sprouts, S-10 Beifort®, in natura rice husks, and carbonized rice husks did not differ from agar. However, when the regulator was added, the agar performed better in comparison to the other residues. Thus, in natura rice husks, carbonized rice husks, and S-10 Beifort®are potential physical structuring agents of the culture medium that can be used without 2iP.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar concentrações de citocinina e resíduos agrícolas como agentes físicos de estruturação do meio na multiplicação in vitro de mirtileiro (Vaccinium corymbosum) 'Duke'. Para isso, foram testadas três concentrações de 2-isopenteniladenina (2iP) (0; 5 e 10 mg L-1) no meio WPM (Wood Plant Media); e cinco agentes estruturantes (casca de arroz in natura, casca de arroz carbonizada, fibra de coco, S-10 Beifort® e ágar). Após 60 dias foram avaliados: sobrevivência (%); comprimento de brotações e de parte aérea (cm); taxa de multiplicação; número de brotações e massa seca de parte aérea (g). Analisou-se os substratos utilizados como agentes estruturantes quanto ao pH e condutividade elétrica. A casca de arroz in natura, o S-10 Beifort®, e a casca de arroz carbonizada não diferiram do ágar quanto ao comprimento de brotações. Na casca de arroz in natura obteve-se o maior comprimento de parte aérea (1,64 cm), diferindo dos demais tratamentos. Na ausência de 2iP o S-10 Beifort® apresentou a maior taxa de multiplicação (2,97). Para o número de brotações o S-10 Beifort®, a casca de arroz in natura e carbonizada não diferiram do ágar. Entretanto, quando acrescido de regulador, o ágar apresenta um desempenho maior em relação aos resíduos. Sendo assim, a casca de arroz in natura, a casca de arroz carbonizada, e o S-10 Beifort® apresentam-se como potencias estruturadores físicos do meio de cultura, podendo ser utilizados sem o uso de 2iP.

Aplicación de un diseño factorial 23 en la extracción asistida por microondas y evaluación de la actividad antioxidante de los compuestos presentes en frutos de Vaeeinium meridionale / Application of a 23 factorial design in the assisted extraction by microwave and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the compounds present in Vaccinium meridionale fruits

RESUMEN El arándano (Vaeeinium meridonale) forma parte de la familia Ericaceae; es un fruto rico en compuestos polifenólicos como antocianinas y flavonoides con propiedades antioxidantes, compuestos que presentan algunas características para la inhibición de radicales libres. Se empleó un diseño factorial 23 para investigar los efectos de las variables temperatura, tiempo y el porcentaje de etanol en la extracción asistida por microondas (MAE) de los antioxidantes presentes en frutos de arándanos, como técnica alternativa, con la cual se pretende una economía destacable en cuanto al empleo de disolventes, tiempo y energía, en comparación con los procesos de extracción convencionales. Las extracciones se realizaron bajo las siguientes condiciones: temperatura (343,15 -383,15 K), tiempo (5-15 minutos), %EtOH (0-80%). Se planteó un diseño factorial, con un total de 8 experimentos para determinar la influencia de la relación de las variables en el proceso de extracción de compuestos con actividad antioxidante por el método de DPPH-, obteniendo un modelo factorial de primer orden con interacciones, bajo un nivel de confianza del 100% y R2=1. El diseño experimental y la evaluación de los resultados se realizó con el software R Studio® versión libre.

SUMMARY Blueberry (Vaccinium meridionale) forms part of the family Ericaceae; it is a fruit rich in flavonoids and anthocyanins (polyphenols), which have antioxidant properties and also shows some properties suitable for inhibition of free radicals. A 23 factorial design was performed to investigate the variables effects: temperature, time and the ethanol percentage %, on the antioxidants extraction process by Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). The extraction conditions were: temp (343.15-383.15 K), time (5-15 min), ethanol (0- 80%). A factorial design was performed, with a total of 8 experiments, allowing to determine the influence of the relation of the variables related to the extraction process of compounds with antioxidant activity by DPPH- method, getting a first order factorial model with interactions and a 100% reliability level and a R2 =1. The experimental design and evaluation of the results were performed with the software R Studio® free version.

Avaliação in vitro da atividade antibacteriana de sucos de cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) sobre cepas de Escherichia coli responsáveis por infecção urinária / Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of cranberry juices (Vaccinium macrocarpon) on Escherichia coli strains responsible for urinary infection

Objetivo: Analisar o efeito antimicrobiano de sucos de cranberry concentrados, sobre cepas de Escherichia coli. Métodos: Difusão em disco, difusão em poços e microplaca, utilizando a cepa ATCC 25922 da bactéria E. coli. Resultados: Os resultados foram comparados com o controle positivo e negativo e dados encontrados na literatura para melhor compreensão da sua possível atividade antibacteriana. O resultado final encontrado foi que o suco de cranberry não tem nenhuma atividade contra o crescimento da cepa de Escherichia coli diante dos métodos realizados. Conclusão: Não houve atividade antimicrobiana do suco de cranberry sobre cepas de Escherichia coli.

Objective: Within this context the aim of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial effect of concentrated cranberry juice, on Escherichia coli. Methods: Testing as disk diffusion, diffusion in microplate wells and using the ATCC 25922 strain of E. coli bacteria. Results: The results were compared with the positive and negative control, and data in the literature, for better understanding of their potential antibacterial activity. The end result was found that cranberry juice has no activity against the growth of Escherichia coli strain before realized methods. Conclusion: There was not antimicrobial activity of cranberry juice on strains of Escherichia coli.

Characterization of blueberry cultivar ‘climax’ / Caracterização da cultivar ‘climax’ de mirtileiro

The objective of this work was to characterize the blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) cultivar Climax, Rabbiteye group (Vaccinium ashei Reade). In order to achieve that, a survey with blueberry plants (cultivar Climax), in full production, was conducted during the 2012/13 and 2013/14 seasons in the mesoregion of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Data regarding the distribution of flower and vegetative buds on branches of two lengths (long and short) was collected. Another evaluation, considering three positions of flower buds in the branch (apical, medial and basal), the number of flower primordia, open flowers and fruits formed was performed. Data were subject to ANOVA and, when significant, the averages were compared using either the F or Tukey’s HSD test (p ≤ 0.05). The results demonstrate the presence of flower buds intercalated with vegetative ones. The total number of flower and vegetative buds, flower primordia, flowers and fruits was influenced by the length of the branch. Likewise, the position of the bud on the branch affected the results, with a greater number of flower primordia on the basal, a greater number of flowers on the medial and a greater number of fruits on the apical portions of the branches.

Objetivou-se realizar a caracterização do mirtileiro (Vaccinium spp.), cultivar Clímax, grupo Rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei Reade). Para tanto, foi conduzida a pesquisa com plantas da cultivar Clímax, em plena produção, durante as safras de 2012/13 e 2013/14. Foram coletados dados referentes à distribuição das gemas floríferas e vegetativas nos ramos de dois comprimentos (longos e curtos). Bem como, sob estes, foi avaliado, considerando-se três posições de gemas floríferas no ramo (apical, mediana e basal), o número de primórdios florais, flores abertas e frutos formados. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando houve efeito significativo suas médias foram comparadas pelo teste de F e/ou Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). Os resultados demonstraram a presença de gemas floríferas intercaladas às vegetativas. O número total de gemas floríferas e vegetativas, de primórdios florais, flores e frutos foi influenciado pelo comprimento do ramo. Da mesma forma, a posição da gema no ramo, influenciou os resultados, sendo observado maior número de primórdios florais na gema basal, maior número de flores na porção mediana e maior número de frutos na apical.

Impact of osmodehydrated Andean berry (Vaccinium merdionale Swartz) on overweight adults / Impacto del consumo de agraz (Vaccinium merdionale Swartz) osmodeshidratado en adultos con sobrepeso

Background: Andean berry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) is a native Colombian berry with potential health benefit comparable to cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), both rich in phenolic compounds with a wide range of biological activities. Objectives: to evaluate the effect of Andean berry consumption on blood biochemical parameters (lipid profile and glucose), anthropometric parameters (body weight, waist circumference, body mass index or BMI) and blood pressure of overweight adults. Methods: glycemia, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and total triglycerides in blood serum, body weight, size and waist perimeter, and blood pressure were analyzed in 25 overweight adults at day 1 and 21 after consumption of 35 g/day of osmodehydrated Andean berry. Results: a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure (10%, p = 0.0388), systolic blood pressure (6%, p = 0.0400), BMI (1.7%, p = 0.0306), weight (2%, p = 0.0388) and waist circumference (4.1%, p = 0.0052) were observed in the participants who completed the study. However, the lipid profile did not have a significant effect, the glycemia increased significantly (6.9%, p = 0.0004). Conclusions: the results of the present study suggest that the regular consumption of Andean berry treated by osmotic dehydration is a food that may help control weight and blood pressure; however, it requires another type of osmotic agent to prevent the increase of glycemia.

Antecedentes: Agraz (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) es una baya nativa colombiana con potencial beneficio en la salud comparable al arándano (Vaccinium macrocarpon), ambas ricas en compuestos fenólicos con amplio rango de actividades biológicas. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del consumo de agraz osmodeshidratado en parámetros bioquímicos sanguíneos (perfil lipídico y glucemia), antropométricos, (perímetro de cintura, índice de masa corporal o IMC) y presión arterial en adultos con sobrepeso Métodos: se analizaron los parámetros glucosa, colesterol total, colesterol-LD, colesterol-HDL, triglicéridos totales en suero, peso, talla y perímetro de cintura, y presión arterial de adultos con sobrepeso al inicio y 21 días después de consumir 35g de agraz osmodeshidratado/día. Resultados: se observó en los participantes que completaron el estudio una reducción significativa en la presión arterial diastólica (10%, p = 0,0388) y sistólica (6%, p = 0,0400), así como en el índice de masa corporal (1,7%, p = 0,0306), peso (2%, p = 0,0388) y perímetro de cintura (4,1%, p = 0,0052). Sin embargo, en el perfil lipídico no tuvo efecto significativo, aunque si aumentó significativamente el valor de la glicemia (6,9%, p = 0,0004). Conclusión: los resultados del presente estudio sugieren que el consumo regular de agraz tratado por deshidratación osmótica es un alimento que ayuda al control del peso y presión arterial, sin embargo requiere otro tipo de agente osmótico para evitar el aumento de la glicemia.

Fotoprotetores bioativos contendo extrato de mirtilo (Vaccinium myrtillus L. ): caracterização físico-química e funcional / Bioactive sunscreens containing blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L. ): physicochemical and funcional characterization

Os efeitos deletérios causados pela radiação ultravioleta (UV) e o aumento significativo no diagnóstico de câncer de pele, confirmam a necessidade de um progresso significativo na pesquisa de produtos fotoprotetores eficazes e seguros, para proteção eficaz da pele. As formulações atuais associam filtros UV, orgânicos e inorgânicos, com eficácia limitada e que podem acarretar reações cutâneas adversas. O extrato de Vaccinium myrtillus L. (EVM) apresenta em sua composição compostos fenólicos, como as antocianinas, que possuem atividade antioxidante. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar formulações fotoprotetoras contendo extrato de Vaccinium myrtillus L. com amplo espectro de ação e concentrações reduzidas de filtros UV. As emulsões contendo ou não EVM e filtros orgânicos (octocrileno e metileno bis-benzotriazolil tetrametilbutilfenol) e inorgânico (dióxido de titânio) foram avaliadas e consideradas estáveis perante parâmetros pré-definidos. O perfil de segurança foi determinado pelo método in vitro Hen´s Egg Test - Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) e o potencial antirradicalar do EVM foi confirmado pelo teste de DPPH• A formulação fotoprotetora acrescida de 5,0% de EVM foi avaliada quanto à eficácia fotoprotetora in vivo e in vitro e não demonstrou aumento significativo no FPS quando comparada à formulação que continha somente os filtros solares e, no ensaio referente à hidratação da pele, não houve alteração nos dados, segundo teste de eficácia clínica. Os resultados obtidos sugeriram que mesmo não apresentando aumento no valor de FPS in vivo, a formulação fotoprotetora contendo o extrato, poderia atuar como agente antioxidante evitando os danos provocados pela radiação UV

The deleterious effects caused by ultraviolet radiation (UV) and the significant increase in the diagnosis of skin cancer confirm the need for significant progress in researching effective and safe sunscreen products for effective skin protection. Current formulations associate UV, organic and inorganic filters with limited efficacy that can lead to adverse skin reactions. Vaccinium myrtillus extract (EVM) contains in its composition polyphenols compounds, such as anthocyanins, which have been antioxidant activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate sunscreens containing EVM with broad action spectrum and reduced concentrations of UV filters. Emulsions containing or not EVM and organic (octocrylene and methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol) and inorganic (titanium dioxide) filters were evaluated and considered stable under pre-defined parameters. The safety of the emulsion was assessed was determined by the in vitro Hen´s Egg Test - Chorioallantoic Membrane method (HET-CAM) and the antiradical potential of EVM was confirmed by the DPPH• test. The sunscreen formulation containing EVM 5.0% was photoprotective efficacy evaluated in vivo and in vitro and did not show a significant increase in SPF when compared the formulation only with UV filters and no improves skin hydration, according to clinical efficacy assay. The results of the study suggest that even without increase SPF in vivo, the sunscreen formulation containing the extract may show antioxidant activity avoiding damage caused by UV

Study progress of exploitation and utilization of Vaccinium bracteatum resources / 中草药

Vaccinium bracteatum, an evergreen shrub of Vaccinium genus of Ericaceae, is widely distributed throughout China, especially in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Fujian provinces. At present, the researches on V. bracteatum mainly focus on the extraction, separation and bioactive verification of the functional components in its leaves and fruits. However, few literatures had been reported on its application in foods. This paper summarized the main functional components of its leaves and fruits. The development and utilization of the leaves and fruits were also introduced, which is helpful for the development and application of V. bracteatum resources.

Performance of blueberry cultivars under mild winter conditions / Desempenho de cultivares de mirtileiro em condição de inverno ameno

ABSTRACT: Evaluation of yield performance is important to find the most adapted blueberry cultivars in a particular region. This research aimed to evaluate the flowering and hasvesting periods, the production per plant, and fruit quality of eight rabbiteye blueberry cultivars (Aliceblue, Bluebelle, Bluegem, Briteblue, Climax, Delite, Powderblue, and Woodard) and two highbush blueberries (Georgiagem and O'Neal), in mild winter conditions in Pinhais-PR. Flowering and harvesting periods, production, berry weight, size, pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, ratio and color of the fruits were evaluated in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons, when the plants had two and three years old, respectively. Cultivars flowered from August to September, and harvest was concentrated in November and December. Berry weight, size, pH, soluble solids and acidity varied among the cultivars. The average ratios of 14.97 and 13.39 for each crop proved that the cultivars have good fruit quality. There was little variation in fruit color in the two years evaluated. Blueberry cultivars showed the staining characteristics and physical and chemical attributes of quality compatible to blueberry from other traditional regions. Under mild winter conditions, young plants of rabbiteye blueberry cultivars, Climax, Delite, Bluegem and Powderblue, are the most productive, while the highbusch cultivars bear few fruits.

RESUMO: A avaliação do desempenho produtivo é importante para encontrar as cultivares de mirtileiro mais adaptadas à uma determinada região. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o período de floração e de colheita, a produção por planta e a qualidade de frutos de oito cultivares de mirtileiro do grupo rabbiteye (Aliceblue, Bluebelle, Bluegem, Briteblue, Climax, Delite, Powderblue e Woodard) e duas do grupo highbush (Georgiagem e O'Neal) em condição de inverno ameno em Pinhais-PR. Foram avaliadas as datas de início e final de floração, início e final de colheita, produção por planta, massa, tamanho de fruto, pH, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, ratio e coloração nos ciclos produtivos de 2013/2014 e 2014/2015, quando as plantas possuíam dois e três anos, respectivamente.As cultivares estudadas apresentaram floração nos meses de agosto e setembro, concentrando a colheita nos meses de novembro e dezembro. Houve diferenças entre as cultivares quanto a massa do fruto, tamanho, pH, teor de sólidos solúveis e a acidez. O ratio médio de 14,97 e 13,39 obtido em cada safra provou que as cultivares tem boa qualidade de frutos. A coloração dos frutos apresentou poucas variações nos dois anos avaliados. O mirtilo das cultivares avaliadas apresentou características de coloração e atributos físicos e químicos de qualidade compatível com o mirtilo de outras regiões tradicionalmente produtoras. Em região com inverno ameno, plantas jovens das cultivares Climax, Delite, Bluegem e Powderblue, do grupo rabbiteye, são as mais produtivas, enquanto as cultivares do grupo highbush produzem poucos frutos.

Evaluación de la actividad antioxidante de las pulpas de Rubus glaucus B, Vaccinium floribundum K y Beta vulgaris L / Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of pulps from Rubus glaucus B., Vaccinium floribundum K. and Beta vulgaris L

Introducción: actualmente se ha demostrado una relación entre el consumo de alimentos con altos niveles de compuestos antioxidantes, los cuales están directamente asociados con la prevención de enfermedades. Objetivos: evaluar la actividad antioxidante de las pulpas Rubus glaucus B, Vaccinium floribundum K y Beta vulgaris L. Métodos: Rubus glaucus Benth variedad Castilla, Vaccinium floribundum K y Beta vulgaris L fueron adquiridas en un mercado local de la ciudad de Cartagena, Bolívar (10°25'25″N 75°31'31″O). La pulpa se obtuvo a partir del fruto (mora y agraz) y raíz (remolacha); y le se determinó pH, Brix, acidez titulable, índice de madurez, humedad, ceniza, grasa, proteínas, fibra cruda, carbohidratos y la actividad antioxidante fue determinada mediante la técnica de actividad antiradicalaria por el método DPPH, asimismo el contenido de fenoles totales se realizó por el método colorimétrico Folin-Ciocalteu. Resultados: los sólidos solubles totales oscilaron entre 5,94 - 10,91 Brix, pH 2,9 - 5,96, ceniza 0,407 - 1,05 g/100 g, humedad 87,263 - 83,95 g/100 g, proteína 0,624 - 1,59 g/100 g, grasa 0,12 - 0,62 g/100 g, fibra cruda 2,107 - 3,637 g/100 g, carbohidratos 10,01 - 14,446 g/100 g para las pulpas de mora, agraz y remolacha. Los resultados de la prueba de actividad antioxidante presentaron valores de IC50 mediante la técnica de DPPH• en el rango de 53,33 - 141,88 µg/mL, lo cual está directamente relacionado con el contenido en fenoles. Conclusiones: por lo tanto, la pulpa de Rubus glaucus Benth variedad Castilla, Vaccinium floribundum K y Beta vulgaris L, son considerados como promisorios para diseñar productos nutracéuticos por su elevada actividad antioxidante(AU)

Introduction: A direct relationship has been proved to exist between consumption of foodstuffs with a high content of antioxidant compounds and disease prevention. Objectives: Evaluate the antioxidant activity of pulps from Rubus glaucus B., Vaccinium floribundum K. and Beta vulgaris L. Methods: Rubus glaucus Benth variety Castile, Vaccinium floribundum K. and Beta vulgaris L. were acquired at a local marketplace in the city of Cartagena, Bolívar (10°25?25?N 75°31?31?W). The pulp was obtained from fruits (Andean raspberry and Andean blueberry) and roots (beet). Determination was conducted of its pH, Brix, titratable acidity, maturation index, humidity, ash, fat, proteins, crude fiber, carbohydrates, and antioxidant activity using the technique of anti-radical activity by the DPPH method. Content of total phenols was determined by the Folin-Ciocaltey colorimetric method. Results: Total soluble solids ranged between 5.94 - 10.91 Brix, pH 2.9 - 5.96, ash 0.407 - 1.05 g / 100 g, humidity 87.263 - 83.95 g / 100 g, protein 0.624 - 1.59 g / 100 g, fat 0.12 - 0.62 g / 100 g, crude fiber 2.107 - 3.637 g / 100 g, carbohydrates 10.01 - 14.446 g / 100 g for pulps from Andean raspberry, Andean blueberry and beet. Antioxidant activity testing using the DPPHo technique obtained CI50 values of 53.33 - 141.88 ?g/ml, directly proportional to phenol content. Conclusions: It is therefore concluded that pulp from Rubus glaucus Benth variety Castile, Vaccinium floribundum K. and Beta vulgaris L., is considered to be promising for the design of nutraceutical products due to its antioxidant activity(AU)

Validación de una metodología analítica para la cuantificación de polifenoles totales, en procesos de extracción asistida por microondas sobre frutos de la especie colombiana Vaccinium meridionale / Validation of an analytical method for quantification of total polyphenols in microwave-assisted extraction processes for the Colombian species Vaccinium meridionale

En este trabajo se muestra el desarrollo y la validación de un método analítico para la cuantificación de polifenoles totales con el reactivo de Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C),en procesos de extracción asistida por microondas (MAE), sobre frutos de la especie colombiana Vaccinium meridionale. Los resultados obtenidos en los parámetros selectividad, linealidad, repetibilidad y exactitud muestran que la metodología propuesta es confiable para evaluar el efecto de las condiciones de extracción sobre la cantidad de polifenoles removidos.

In this work, we show the development and validation of an analytical method for quantification of total polyphenols with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (F-C) in microwave-assisted extraction processes for Colombian species Vaccinium meridionale. Experimental results of selectivity, linearity, repeatability and accuracy evidence that the methodology proposed is reliable to evaluate the effect of the extraction conditions over the quantity of polyphenols removed.

Infección del Tracto Urinario por Escherichia Coli Resistente a Antibióticos Tratada con Vaccinium Macrocarpon (Arándano Rojo): Reporte de Caso / Urinary tract infection caused by antibioticresistant Escherichia coli treated with Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry): a case report

El Vaccinium macrocarpon (arándano rojo) tiene alguna evidencia que puede ayudar a prevenir las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU); sin embargo, la información es limitada si se trata del uso de este producto en el tratamiento de las ITU. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 42 años de edad con antecedentes de ITU a repetición y con episodio activo, que presenta urocultivo positivo a E. coli resistente a fluoroquinolonas, aminoglucósidos y cefalosporinas de segunda generación. La paciente acepta tomar tratamiento con polvo estandarizado de Vaccinium macrocarpon durante 20 días. Se evidenció resolución del cuadro clínico y adecuada respuesta bacteriológica a dicho suplemento, según controles a los 6, 16, 65 y 93 días postratamiento. Este reporte podría ser el primer paso para ampliar los estudios sobre el uso de productos derivados de Vaccinium macrocarpon para tratamiento de episodios de ITU resistente a antibióticos.

Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Activity by Inhibiting NF-κB Activation in BV-2 Microglial Cells

This study was designed to evaluate the pharmacological effects of Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. methanol extract (VBME) on microglial activation and to identify the underlying mechanisms of action of these effects. The anti-inflammatory properties of VBME were studied using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. We measured the production of nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as inflammatory parameters. We also examined the effect of VBME on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the activity of nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65). VBME significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of NO and PGE₂ and LPS-mediated upregulation of iNOS and COX-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner; importantly, VBME was not cytotoxic. VBME also significantly reduced the generation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. In addition, VBME significantly dampened intracellular ROS production and suppressed NF-κB p65 translocation by blocking IκB-α phosphorylation and degradation in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Our findings indicate that VBME inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators in BV-2 microglial cells by suppressing NF-κB signaling. Thus, VBME may be useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases due to its ability to inhibit inflammatory mediator production in activated BV-2 microglial cells.

Atividade antibacteriana e efeito interativo in vitro de um produto a base de cranberry sobre Escherichia coli / Antibacterial activity and interactive effect in vitro of a cranberry product on Escherichia coli

Produtos derivados de plantas estão sendo bastante estudados devido à possibilidade de apresentarem substâncias com atividades antimicrobianas, principalmente, em decorrência do aumento da resistência bacteriana aos antimicrobianos, Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, conhecido como cranberry, é uma planta nativa, bastante difundida na América do Norte por suas propriedades terapêuticas, particularmente, na prevenção e tratamento de infecções urinárias, Este estudo objetivou avaliar in vitro a atividade antibacteriana, a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de um produto comercial a base de cranberry bem como as possíveis interações deste produto quando em associação com antimicrobianos, frente a cepas de Escherichia coli, As avaliações da atividade antibacteriana e da CIM foram realizadas utilizando-se discos de papel filtro estéreis (Cefar®), embebidos em 30µL da solução contendo frutos de cranberry em diferentes concentrações, O estudo da interferência do produto sobre a efetividade dos antimicrobianos foi realizado embebendo-se os discos de antibióticos, com 30µL da solução de cranberry [20mg/mL] equivalente a ½ CIM, Os resultados mostraram que a solução de cranberry apresentou atividade para todas as cepas de E, coli testadas independentemente do perfil de resistência e foi capaz de provocar diferentes efeitos interativos quando associado aos antimicrobianos, Estes dados comprovam o potencial antibacteriano deste fruto, promissor, para estudos de desenvolvimento de novos fármacos, entretanto, também mostram que em algumas situações, pode interferir sobre a efetividade de antimicrobianos de uso clínico...

Products derived from plants are being studied because often have substances with antimicrobial activity, mainly due to the increase in bacterial resistance to antimicrobial compounds. Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, known as cranberry, is a plant native to, quite widespread in North America for its therapeutic properties, particularly in the prevention and treatment of urinary infections. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the possible interactions between a cranberry product when in association with antimicrobial agents against strains of Escherichia coli. The sensitivity profile was performed by disk diffusion using discs (Multifar ®), and the assessments of antibacterial activity and the MIC were performed using sterile filter paper discs (Cefar ®), soaked in 30 µl of the solution of cranberry, tested in different concentrations. The study of interference of cranberry solution about the effectiveness of antimicrobials was accomplished by soaking the antibiotic discs in their respective concentrations, with cranberry solution 30µL [20 mg/mL] equivalent to 0.5 MIC. The results showed that cranberry solution presented activity for all strains regardless of resistance profile of these lineages and was able to provoke different interactive effects when associated to antimicrobials. These results prove the antibacterial potential of this fruit promising possible, for studies of development of new products, however, also show that in some situations, it may interfere on the effectiveness of antimicrobials for clinical use...

Biología floral y reproductiva de Vaccinium meridionale (Ericaceae) en los Andes orientales de Colombia

Vaccinium meridionale es una planta silvestre productora de frutos comestibles en las áreas montañosas del norte de Suramérica. Sin embargo, no hay información suficiente sobre su sistema reproductivo, lo cual es fundamental para su manejo y conservación dado que sus frutos son extraídos de forma no sostenible y hay un creciente interés en establecer la especie como cultivo. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron estudiar la biología floral y reproductiva de V. meridionale en condiciones naturales y analizar la importancia de los polinizadores en su reproducción. Para esto se realizaron observaciones y experimentos para describir su morfología y fenología floral, viabilidad de polen, receptividad de estigma, relación polen óvulo y producción de néctar. Para estudiar su sistema reproductivo se realizaron experimentos de emasculación, exclusión de polinizadores y polinización manual (autopolinización y polinización cruzada). El estudio se realizó con dos poblaciones silvestres de V. meridionale ubicadas en los departamentos de Cundinamarca y Boyacá, en la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia. Se encontró que aunque las flores tienen anteras poricidas la liberación del polen se da fácilmente sin vibración. V. meridionale presenta un gran despliegue y larga longevidad floral y hay un sesgo en la producción de néctar hacia la función femenina. Se estimó una relación polen/óvulo de 571±133, lo que clasifica a la especie como xenógama facultativa. Este resultado coincidió con los experimentos de polinización ya que en las dos poblaciones estudiadas las plantas produjeron frutos por agamospermia, autogamia y xenogamia. No obstante, se observó una fuerte depresión por endogamia manifestada en altas tasas de aborto de frutos producidos por autogamia a diferencia de los frutos provenientes de polinización cruzada que fueron retenidos por la planta desde su formación. Los rasgos florales presentados por la especie se consideran mecanismos para favorecer un gremio más diverso de visitantes florales que sólo los insectos capaces de polinización por vibración. Además, estos rasgos florales pueden aumentar la probabilidad de polinización y disminuir la geitonogamia. Igualmente la depresión por endogamia sugiere que la especie busca mantener el entrecruzamiento como su principal estrategia reproductiva. Por lo tanto, los polinizadores, en particular las abejas son fundamentales para la reproducción de V. meridionale y en consecuencia su conservación es esencial para mantener la variabilidad genética y oferta de frutos de esta especie.

Vaccinium meridionale is a wild plant producing edible fruits in the mountain areas of Northern South America. However, the fruits of this species has been under an unsustainable extraction and there is a growing interest of establishing this species as a crop; nevertheless, the information about its breeding system is scarce, which is essential for its sustainable management and conservation. This research aimed to study the floral and reproductive biology of V. meridionale in natural conditions, and to analyze the importance of pollinators on its reproduction, in two wild populations of V. meridionale in the states of Cundinamarca and Boyacá, in the Oriental Cordillera of Colombia. For this, we have made different observations and experiments to describe its flower morphology, floral phenology, pollen viability, stigma receptivity, pollen-ovule ratio and nectar production. To study its reproductive system, we performed experiments of flower emasculation, pollinator exclusion and hand pollination (self-and cross-pollination). We found that although the flowers have poricidal anthers, the release of pollen could occur easily without vibration. V. meridionale shows a large floral display, long floral longevity and has female-biased nectar production. The pollen-ovule ratio was of 571±133, which classified the species as facultative xenogamy. This result agreed with the pollination experiments because the plants produced fruits by agamospermy, selfing and outcrossing. However, we registered a strong inbreeding depression, observed in high rates of fruit abortions, after self-pollination. Unlike of self-pollinating fruits, the plant retains those produced by cross-pollination since its formation. The floral traits showed by this species are mechanisms to favor a more diverse guild of floral visitors than only insects able to buzz-pollination. In addition, these floral traits may enhance the pollination probability, and reduce geitonogamy. Moreover, the inbreeding depression suggests that V. meridionale promotes outcrossing as its main reproductive strategy. Therefore, pollinators, particularly bees, are essential for this species reproduction and conservation, and are critical in the maintenance of its genetic variability and fruits production.